Ottoman History

Ottoman History

Murad II (June 1404, Amasya – 3 February 1451, Edirne) (Ottoman Turkish: مراد ثانى Murād-ı sānī, Turkish:II. Murat) was the Ottoman Sultanfrom 1421 to 1444 and 1446 to 1451.
Murad II's reign was marked by the long war he fought against the Christian feudal lords of the Balkans and the Turkish beyliks in Anatolia, a conflict that lasted 25 years. He was brought up in Amasya, and ascended the throne on the death of his father Mehmed I. His mother was Valide Sultan Emine Hatun (daughter of Suleyman Bey, ruler of Dulkadirids), his father's third consort. Their marriage served as an alliance between the Ottomans and this buffer state, and produced a son, Mehmed II, who would go on to successfully conquer the Byzantine Empire's capital,Constantinople, in 1453.

Mehmed Zilli (25 March 1611 – 1682), known as Evliya Çelebi (Ottoman Turkish: اوليا چلبى‎), was an ethnically Abkhazian Ottoman explorer who travelled through the territory of the Ottoman Empire and neighboring lands over a period of forty years, recording his commentary in a travelogue called theSeyahatname ("Book of Travel").[1]
Life
Evliya Çelebi was born in Constantinople in the year 1611 to a wealthy family fromKütahya. His father was Derviş Mehmed Zilli, an Ottoman court jeweller, and mother anAbkhazian relation of the Ottoman grand vizier Melek Ahmed Pasha.[2] In his book, Evliya Çelebi traces his paternal genealogy back to Khoja Akhmet Yassawi.[3] Evliya Çelebi received a court education from the Imperial ulama.[4] He may have joined theGulshani Sufi order as he shows an intimate knowledge of their khanqah in Cairo, and agraffito in which he referred to himself as Evliya-yı Gülşenî ("Evliya of the Gülşenî").

Nasuh bin Karagöz bin Abdullah el-Visokavi el-Bosnavî, or Nasuh el-Matrakči ibn Karađoz ibn Abdullah el-Visokavi el-Bosnevi, commonly known asMatrakçı Nasuh (Turkish pronunciation: [matrakˈtʃɯ naˈsuh]; Serbian:Matrakčija Nasuh Visočak) for his competence in the game of Matrak, invented by himself, (also known as Nasuh el-Silâhî, Nasuh the Swordsman, because of his talent with weapons; 1480 – c. 1564) was a 16th-centuryBosniak[1][2][3] statesman of the Ottoman Empire, polymath, mathematician, teacher, historian, geographer, cartographer, swordmaster, navigator, inventor, painter, farmer, and miniaturist. He was brought to Istanbul after being recruited by the Ottoman scouts in Rumelia, educated, served several Ottoman sultans, and became a teacher at Enderun School.[4]

Life

Şemseddin Sami Fraşeri, also called Semseddin Sami Bey Fraseri orSami Fraşeri, Fraşeri also spelled Frashëri (born June 1, 1850, Fraşer,Albania, Ottoman Empire—died June 18, 1904, Istanbul) author and lexicographer who was a leading figure in 19th-century Turkish literature.

Born into an established Albanian Muslim family, Fraşeri was educated at the Greek school of Janina and was also given lessons in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic by private tutors. After moving to Istanbul, he began a career injournalism and founded the newspaper Sabah (“Morning”) in 1875. He also became associated with the new Turkish writers. He translated .

Matrakci Nasuh was a famous Ottoman polymath, writer and knight who produced important books in several fields. He made contributions in the fields of mathematics, geography, history and calligraphy. He also invented a military lawn game called "Matrak", a kind of animation of battle.

Suleiman II bin Ibrahim bin Ahmed bin Mehmed (April 15, 1642 – June 22/23 1691) (Ottoman Turkish: سليمان ثانى Süleymān-i sānī) was theSultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1687 to 1691. After being brought to the throne by an armed mutiny, Suleiman and his grand vizier Fazıl Mustafa Pasha were successfully able to turn the tide of the War of the Holy League, reconquering Belgrade in 1690, as well as carrying out significant fiscal and military reforms.

Early life
The younger brother of Mehmed IV (1648–87), Suleiman II was born atTopkapı Palace in Constantinople and had spent 46 years of his life in thekafes (cage), a kind of luxurious prison for princes of the blood within theTopkapı Palace (it was designed to ensure that none could organize a rebellion).
His mother was a Serb woman originally named Katarina, known as Saliha Dilaşub Sultan.[1][2][3]
Ottoman–Habsburg War

Mehmet II (Ottoman Turkish: محمد الثانى Meḥmed-i s̠ānī, Turkish: II. Mehmet),(also known as el-Fātiḥ (الفاتح), "the Conqueror", in Ottoman Turkish, or, in modern Turkish, Fatih Sultan Mehmet; Known as Mahomet II[1][2] in early modern Europe) (March 30, 1432, Edirne – May 3, 1481, Hünkârçayırı, near Gebze) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Rûm until the conquest) for a short time from 1444 to September 1446, and later from February 1451 to 1481. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople, bringing an end to the Byzantine Empire.

Life:
Autobiographical sections in his Sullam al-Wusul, in one Cihannüma autograph, and Mizanü’l-Haqq, constitute the primary source of information for entries in biographical dictionaries (Uşaqizade, Şeyhi) and modern reference works on K.Ç., arguably the most important Ottoman intellectual figure of the 11th/17th century.

(1360-1403) Ottoman bey/sultan 1389-1403. His byname was Yildirim, "Thunderbolt".
Bayezid represents both a continuation of the building of state structures in the empire, as well as the most dramatic downturn so far in its history.
For the empire as a whole he established the first centralized state. His main achievements, however, were realized in Asia. Although he successfully completed (inevitable because of his opponents' actions) many important military campaigns in Europe, he put most of his emphasis on widening Ottoman suzerainty over Turkman rulers in Anatolia. Various emirates were annexed into the empire.
This consolidation policy, however, brought him into direct conflict with Timur Lenk. The result of this was a total defeat for Beyazid, wand, within a short time, disintegration of the empire as a result.
Biography
Around 1360: Born as son of of sultan Murad 1.
1391: An 8 year long blockade against Constantinople begins.

Kösem Sultan was one of the most powerful women in Ottoman history. She found herself in the midst of political chaos after her husband Sultan Ahmed I died, but she eliminated her opponents even though she suffered a bitter death. While some historians say she was a master manipulator, others think she was a prominent actor who helped ensure the empire's survival

Fużūlī (Azerbaijani: Füzuli فضولی, c. 1494 – 1556) was the pen name of theAzerbaijani[1][2][3] of the Bayat tribes of Oghuz Turks[4][5][6] poet, writer and thinker Muhammad bin Suleyman (Azerbaijani: Məhəmməd Ben Süleyman محمد بن سليمان). Often considered one of the greatest contributors to theDîvân tradition of Azerbaijani literature,[7] Fuzûlî in fact wrote his collected poems (dîvân) in three different languages: in his native Azerbaijani[8] and also in Persian and Arabic. Although his Turkic works are written in the Azerbaijani dialect of Turkish, he was well-versed in both the Ottoman and the ChagataiTurkic literary traditions as well. He was also well versed in mathematics andastronomy.[9]

Life

Suleiman I ( Turkish:I. Süleyman) /ˌsʊlɪˈmɑːn/, known as “the Magnificent” in the West and “Kanuni” (the Lawgiver) in the East, (6 November 1494 – 7 September 1566) was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566.[3]

Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's military, political and economic power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, as well as most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529. He annexed much of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large areas of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf.[4]

He was born at Edirne Palace a son of sultan Mehmed IV (1648–87) and Mah-Para Ummatullah Rabia Gül-Nush Valide Sultan, originally named Evemia,[1] who was of Greek Cretandescent.[2][3][4] Mustafa II abdicated in favor of his brotherAhmed III (1703–30) in 1703.

Military Campaigns
During his reign the Great Turkish War, which had started in 1683, was still going on. After the failure of the second Siege of Vienna (1683) the Holy League had captured large parts of the Empire's territory in Europe. The Habsburg armies came as far asNis, modern-day Serbia, before being pushed back across the Danube by 1690. Sultan Mustafa II was determined to recapture the lost territories in Hungary and therefore he personally commanded his armies.

The Ottoman Empire began in 1299 under Osman I and soon became the most powerful Islamic empire and one of the most powerful world empires in general. This rapid expansion was due in many cases to Islam, particularly under Mehmet the Conqueror and his grandson Selim I. Even later, under Abdulhamid II, Islam remained a major unifying force. Nevertheless, Islam could not stand up to nationalism, a force that would ultimately destroy the Ottoman Empire.

Mehmet the Conqueror
Mehmet the Conqueror ascended to the Ottoman throne in 1451, and in 1453 he conquered the Byzantine city of Constantinople, which Islamic empires had tried to conquer since the religion's founding in the seventh century. To emphasize the Islamic nature of his conquest, once of Mehmet's first acts was to reconsecrate the Hagia Sophia Cathedral as a mosque.
Selim I